Progeny and Other Offspring

Descendants and Other Offspring Descendants and Other Offspring Descendants and Other Offspring By Maeve Maddox A peruser requests explanation: It would be ideal if you let me know under which circumstance I utilize the word offspring and where to useâ offspring, with models. English is honored with various words to allude to the result of sexual association; descendants and posterity are just two of them. The gen in descendants, similar to the gen in genital, returns to a Latin word for bring forth. Offspring, in this manner, is a decent generally useful word to depict individuals, plants, and creatures that are the result of sexual proliferation. Posterity isn't so strict a word as descendants; it consolidates the action word spring with the verb modifier off. Posterity are what â€Å"jump off† from the parent. It has a more amicable, less proper meaning than descendants. Think about, for instance, Mr. also, Mrs. Gilbreth raised their offspring as per exacting thoughts of productivity. Mr. also, Mrs. Gilbreth offered their posterity daily at the sea shore. Here’s a rundown of equivalent words that are or have been utilized with the significance of descendants: babies brood kids relatives family product of one’s midsections product of one’s belly beneficiaries issue posterity descendants offspring scions seed children and little girls replacements bring forth youthful Like all equivalent words, these words have various implications. We discuss babies, kids, family, and children and little girls when we are discussing individuals by and large. In issues of law, the words beneficiaries and issue are utilized with explicit lawful significance. A man’s kids are called issue, as a rule in the feeling of kids who have a legitimate option to acquire. A beneficiary is the individual qualified by law for succeed another â€Å"in the happiness regarding property or rank.† Prince Charles is alluded to as â€Å"heir to the British throne,† yet as per the OED, legitimately, he won’t be the beneficiary until his mom kicks the bucket: nemo est heres viventis, â€Å"nobody is a living heir.† Genealogists talk as far as relatives. Antiquarians discuss descendants, the individuals who come after those embracing the here and now: For it has been carefully said that if the judgment of the time must be remedied by that of successors, it is no less obvious that the judgment of children must be amended by that of the time.† Felix Frankfurter The green term scion is frequently utilized in talking about the relatives of respectable or well off families: Initially worked by Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt, a scion of the well off Vanderbilt family, the 1909 property [the Vanderbilt Grace hotel] is a vintage Newport manor that has been reestablished to its previous magnificence In cultivating terms, a scion is a slip taken from a tree or other plant and utilized for joining. Another planting word, seed, is likewise used to mean offspring: Now to Abraham and his seed were the guarantees made. â€Galatians 3:16. The articulation â€Å"fruit of midsections/womb† is recognizable from the KJ interpretation of the Bible, as in the welcome of Mary’s cousin Elisabeth: Also, she [Elisabeth] spake out with an uproarious voice, and stated, Blessed workmanship thou among ladies, and favored is the product of thy belly. Luke 1:42. The word brood for kids has a warm, protective meaning. Its metaphorical use gets from the manner in which a hen sits on her eggs to keep them warm. Without a doubt, brood is related with Middle High German bruot, ‘heat, warmth, incubating, what is hatched.† The main word in the rundown that has a far and away negative implication is generate. Truly the eggs of sea-going animals, produce is utilized metaphorically as both thing and action word to propose that the offspring discussed is bothersome. Since generate is every now and again used to allude to devils, as in â€Å"hell-spawn† and â€Å"spawn of the devil,† the word has gotten famous in the realm of funnies and books about the powers of good and fiendishness. As a thing, produce can allude to an offspring that might be viewed as possibly as terrible as the parent. As an action word, produce is regularly used to mean â€Å"to make something bad†: Joblessness, neediness, wrongdoing bring forth savagery Reprobate Parents Spawn Teenage Criminals Rural right of passage outrages generate new criminal offense PCs Spawn A New Criminal Breed A few columnists utilize negative bring forth where a word like start or even bring forth would be progressively proper: Devoted Leaders Spawn Island Cooperative Scholar’s research brings forth global recognition exertion The surest method to build up an ear for implication is to peruse generally from the English scholarly ordinance, a training that is getting less incessant among the ostensibly instructed. Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly Words5 Brainstorming Strategies for WritersThe Difference Between Un- and Dis-

Communication Difficulties in English Speaking Essay

Correspondence Difficulties in English Speaking - Essay Example In local English talking nations, for example, the United States, England and Australia, the complement and the vocabularies are somewhat extraordinary. In nations like India and China English is acknowledged as a subsequent language and has remembered for the educational program on account of the significance of English as a global language. In any case, and still, after all that people groups from non-local English talking nations were encountering issues in speaking with the individuals who have English as their first language. â€Å"With the quantity of outside speculators rushing to India and the development of redistributing, English has come to assume a key job in proficient connections among remote and Indian organizations. Commonality with the contrasts among American and British English has unquestionably developed as much business correspondence is completed by the language style with which a customer is comfortable.† (Khokhar) This paper quickly dissects the issues looked in conveying through English by two unique gatherings of individuals from one local English talking nation, Australia and one non-local English talking nation, India. In a correspondence procedure, the addresser and the recipient utilize an edge of reference: their insight into the subject being talked about, their involvement with expert or individual terms, their standards, for example the standards of the general public where they live, their suspicions, for example what is taken as a factor accepted to be valid. Australians and the Indians have totally various societies and mentalities. India is one of the greatest and vigorously populated nation having broadened dialects and societies while Australia is similarly a little nation having just about an extraordinary culture and religion. The standpoints of these social orders might be distinctive on account of their social contrasts and subsequently in correspondences additionally these distinctions can have an impact. Despite the fact that it is nearer to British English since it begins from that style, with the deluge of globalization American English has certainly affected the adolescent just as in the expert circle.

Where are you going with this

Where are you going with this My Mets are seriously kicking some you-know-what lately. I love it. Omar Minaya is my hero. =D Simone said: now that freshman year is over, how would you describe your first year at mit? relieved that youre still alive, dying for fall semester to start? from hearing about how hard mit is as a prefrosh, to a rising sophomore whose gone through all the goods and bads of freshman year, what do you have to say about mit now? also, just out of curiosity, and its totally okay i you dont feel comfortable talking about it, but whats your grade like so far at mit (1st and 2nd semester, assuming there wasnt pass/no record)? and what was your grade like back in high school? for example, were you a straight a student in high school and getting straight bs here at mit? Well now you did it. I guess now is as good a time as any to ponder the intricacies of my freshman year. How do I feel about freshman year being over? A little sad, actually. I enjoyed being a freshmen. I remember freshman year of high school complaining about bio objectives (weekly bio homework) and biosystem presentations- staples of freshman year at my small, close-knit high school. But then of course, once you became a sophomore it was all, Aww, the freshmen are doing bio objectives! and you immediately got all nostalgic because you thought you were so cool now that you werent at the bottom of the social food chain. You get what Im saying, right? Well anyway, I resolved to appreciate my freshman year of college as much as possible, and I really took that to heart. Freshman year is kind of a bonding experience, because youre all going through the motions of calculus psets (everyones got to do them but at the same time, youre all thinking pass/no record, God bless pass/no record), and theres nothing quite like it. Next year Ill be taking smaller, specialized classes in the major I hav ent chosen yet, and things will be very different. Of course, itll be cool to be done with non-applied math (*sigh of relief*). In terms of how hard it was, thats a tough question. Theres a lot of work, and some of it is really hard. As for me, I procrastinate far too much. Ill never be as productive as Mollie, for example. I read her blog and Im like what?! shehow does sheI dont get it. I personally think Im a little too ADD for straight up productivity. I have a hundred interests and Im always running around trying to join some new club or put together some random project or something. In high school, this was great. I got straight As in high school and had a blast doing all of my random energetic projects. Here, it kind of gets in the way of me having the work ethic to just sit down and finish that %[emailprotected] pset already. So first, just a little note about GPAs- you wont have one until youre a rising sophomore. Since first semester is graded as pass/no record, no GPA is calculated. Which makes sense, you cant have a grade point average until youhave grades. And that wont happen until the end of your freshman year. That said, my GPA is a 3.8. When I tell my friends, I think Ill just leave it at that. But in the interest of full disclosure to you guys, I should mention that at MIT, GPAs are on a 5.0 scale. *grin* Let me sidetrack for a minute. For as long as I can remember, I was one of the smartest kids in my class. Sometimes this was kind of cool. Sometimes this was not so cool. Do I really need to explain this? If youre reading this, you probably get it all too well. Then I went to a selective public magnet high school, and I figured that once I was mixed in with some of the smartest kids in my county, I wouldnt be a straight A student anymore. Only that didnt happen. I was still one of the smartest kids in the class. Im not complaining, I liked my straight As. And I like being smart. But after awhile, I was getting really sick of it. People were always coming to me for help (which was annoying), or bragging about me (which was awkward), or expecting me to always ace tests (which was stressful). So then, I got into MIT, and I thought, OK, NOW I wont be the smartest kid in the class, and this time I was right. *grin* And you know what? I love it this way. I probably shouldnt announce this on the internet of all things, but my personal academic goal for MIT is to pull off a cummulative 4.0 GPA- a B average. (I say I shouldnt say this because now Im on record saying it, and every prospective student and their parents will know if I fail at said goal, but oh well. *grin*) Anyway, like I said, I dont really have the best work ethic, but Im sure I could pull better grades if I really tried. The thing is, I dont really want to. Wait, dont judge- Im not done yet. Its kind of the same logic I used when I decided not to double major. Sure I probably could pull it off if I really wanted to- but I play field hockey and Im going to get a job and I volunteer on the ambulance andthere are so, so many other aspects of my life that are really important to me, and Im not going to sacrifice them in order to pull my GPA up a few points. Bs are fine with me. Of course, if I start failing everything, Ill have to drop a few extracirriculars. But in the meantime, I dont think academics is the absolute most important thing in my life. Sure its a priority, but Im living and learning and getting a lot out of other things too- things I cant get out of a book. On that note, I also spent this year cycling through clubs. I tried out a bunch of activities, and I was always evaluating how I felt about them. I had a lot of fun being super busy this year and I dont regret a single minute I spent on anything. (Except maybe calc psets. =P) But in some cases I didnt make strong connections with the people I was working with, or I didnt really feel passionate about what I was doing. So Im glad I had some experience with different things, and next year Im going to go try a bunch of completely different things instead. I have a feeling this is going to be a pattern, and I dont mind it at all. There are just too many things I want to try. Besides, Im sure along the way Ill run into some activities I really love to do that Ill dedicate insane amounts of my time and soul to. Does that answer your question? =P The other day I went out to eat with my friend Tetty. You remember Tetty, shes the one who hosted that gingerbread house making party where I exposed my true inner nerd. Anyway, I was wearing my favorite new shirt, and as soon as I got out of the car I said, You know you love my shirt. Thank you, ThinkGeek.com! Well, at first Tetty pretended to be mortified to be seen in public with someone wearing that shirt. (As a side note, its really a horrible shirt to wear anywhere thats notI dont know, MIT for example. Whenever anyone asks you what it means, youre just like, OK, Im so not explaining quantum mechanics to you. Ive been toying with the idea of telling people that theyre lyrics to some obscure heavy metal song or something.) Anyway, Tetty soon revealed her own inner nerd. But she said, the probability that I read the front of your shirt is much greater than the probability that I read the back of the shirt, so I think the girl has a point. It seems like this detail would mess with the wave equation. Thoughts?

Understanding The Real Life Events During The Oardwalk Empire

oardwalk Empire, the show that demonstrates the real-life events that occurred during the early 1920s in Atlantic City, New Jersey, represents several intercultural communication concepts. This historically-based drama series provided through HBO was chosen because of its wide variety of themes, conflicts, and plots driven through certain means of communication and interactions among the characters. For instance, the communication and intercultural models observed while watching the television show only enhance the audience’s entertainment and interest. Atlantic City was thrown back to the days of a lawless country, which was due to prohibition and the consumption of alcohol that was not going to be stopped by anyone. In fact, most political servants were involved in the daily activities and were either profiting from bootlegging alcohol or helping those who did. They profited monetarily and were in power and control because they could hide in the shadows and still appear to b e the pillars of society. It could be said that the very definition of prohibition in the early 1920s where a patron could have any alcohol he desired as long as he was willing to pay for it. The illegality of selling and drinking spirits affected the citizens’ lives, some positively and others negatively, and many were part of the extracurricular activities except those who obeyed the laws of the time. The three main concepts that will be discussed in much further detail include high power distance, a

Othello by William Shakespeare - 532 Words

In the Shakespearean play Othello, Othello kills his wife on the assumption that she was cheating on him. Othello gets this idea from his assistant Iago who wanted to be Othello’s lieutenant but lost the job to a man named Cassio. The entire play revolves around Iago carrying out his revenge on Othello while trying to be named his lieutenant. During the play, the audience sees Iago manipulate the other characters to get what he wants. One of the characters he manipulates is Othello by telling him that his wife is cheating on him and sharing a bed with Cassio. Othello is further tricked by Iago,who gets him to kill his wife and clean up the mess that Iago left. Throughout the play Othello lets himself be manipulated by Iago instead of asking his wife, Desdemona, about whether or not she was cheating on him. Towards the end, he realizes what he has done and that Iago has tricked him by stating, â€Å"Like the base Judean, threw a pearl away richer that all his tribe; of one who subdued eyes† (361; 346-347). The quote is meaning that Othello threw away his greatest treasure because he couldn’t believe what his eyes were telling him. Iago ‘blinds’ Othello so much with his honeyed words that Othello doesn’t realize that he could have just asked his wife. Desdemona even confesses that she can’t believe that some women would cheat on their husbands’ and even says as much. When she reveals this it really shows how innocent she was and how she never would have betrayed Othello.Show MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare957 Words   |  4 Pagesinnocent person kills himself while not knowing the truth. The best example of that would be the play Othello by the great William Shakespeare. As little as a handkerchief could make a difference if it is a symbol for something. In the play Othello by Shakespeare, handkerchief is first introduced by Othello to his beautiful mistress, Desdemona, as a sign of their love. At the end of the play what gets Othello to take extreme measures by the location of the handkerchief. As the symbol of the handkerchiefRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1599 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare’s 16th century play Othello is a duplicitous and fraudulent tale set alternatingly between Venice in act 1, and the island of Cyprus thereafter. The play follows the scandalous marriage between protagonist Othello, a Christian moore and the general of the army of Venice, and Desdemona, a respected and intelligent woman who also happens to be the daughter of the Venetian Senator Brabantio. Shakespeare undoubtedly positions the marriage to be viewed as heroic and noble, despiteRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1218 Words   |  5 PagesIn a historical time period where emphasis was shifting from religion to race and ethnicity, key indicators of differences that perpetuated into racial prejudice and racial ideologies are evident in Othello by William Shakespeare. Although racism was not fully formed at this moment in history, Othello can be interpreted as a representation and an exploration of this shift in ideology. In the past, before this change to ward racial differences, religion was the major segretory factor in signifyingRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare894 Words   |  4 Pagesthose that which occurred in Othello written by William Shakespeare. Throughout the play Othello, we see the struggles of a marriage that is not accepted by their society. Othello is a extremely cherished black general living in a primarily white community. The play begins with Othello secretly becoming married to a white woman named Desdemona. This reasons others who are white to become angry and excuse to dislike this black man further more than they already do. Othello is a downward spiral from loveRead MoreOthello by William Shakespeare790 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout Othello by William Shakespeare, Othello makes numerous poor decisions due to his jealousy. Hitting Desdemona, trusting Iago, and killing Desdemona are among a few of the poor decisions that he makes. The word jealous can be defined as feeling or showing suspicion of som eones unfaithfulness in a relationship. Othello feels suspicious of Desdemona’s and Cassio’s relationship because of the lies that Iago tells him. Many people try to tell Othello the truth but he only believes the wordsRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1923 Words   |  8 Pagesdissatisfaction or complication is shown. Firstly in Othello love is presented as ephemeral and transient while atonement love is presented as unrequited and finally in cat on a hot tin roof love is presented as painful and troublesome due to unreciprocated feelings. The tragic plot of Othello hinges on the potential of the villain, Iago, to deceive other characters, above all Roderigo and Othello, through encouraging them to misinterpret what they see. Othello is prone to Iago s ploys seeing that he himselfRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare941 Words   |  4 Pageswas Williams Shakespeare’s play Othello which depicts the tragedy of Othello, a Morris Captain. What is different about Shakespeare play is that the tragic hero is the black Othello and the villain a white Iago. Therefore, Shakespeare depiction of Othello as a tragic character and Iago as a villain, challenges Elizabethan’s stereotypes regarding individuals of African descent. Shakespeare challenges the stereotypical â€Å"type –casting of the black man† in Elizabethan society by depicting Othello asRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1152 Words   |  5 Pages‘Othello’ was a tragedy of incomprehension at the deepest level of human dealings as no one in the play came to an understanding of himself or any of the surrounding characters. The play ‘Othello’ by William Shakespeare focused on tragedy through the anguish of the main character ‘Othello’ which lead to the suffering and death of numerous characters including himself. Appearance Vs. Reality challenged human dealings within the play ‘Othello’ as no-one came to see anyone’s true self and no-one seesRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pagesprofitable in condition of good and immorality. Othello is presented as good and Iago as evil, but Iago and Othello’s relationship also shares a distrust of their wives. The overall logical argument is based on love, jealousy and betrayal between two lovers that ultimately leads to their separation because of Iago’s evil plan. I am using this article to agree with Berry s view on how Iago separates two lovers just so he can take retaliation on Othello by manipulating everyone to unmasking their trueRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1140 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Othello† is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1603. In this play, Shakespeare features three major characters: Othello, Iago, and Desdemona. Othello, a black man, and Desdemona, a white venetian secretly eloped in the play. Iago shows racism and prejudice towards their relationship because of their skin colors. In the play, Iago says: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, or else the devil will make a

Book Review Joe Stark - 1479 Words

Book Review: Joe Stark Wounded By School: Recapturing the Joy in Learning and Standing Up to Old School Culture Kirsten Olson Olson’s premises for the book are that engagement in learning is the key to a happy life and that school separates many individuals from that possibility. School practices that wound and make students hesitant learners have to be investigated so they can be changed. If we understand what school wounds are, why they occur and what can be done about it, we don’t need to harbor these wounds forever. The â€Å"average† child is possibly the most wounded child in our school systems. These students often come away feeling that they are not smart and that their abilities are set in stone. Many experience shame that results in†¦show more content†¦Students who once had passion become burnt out with no curiosity. †¢ Wounds of underestimation occur when students face low expectations based on who they are. Students almost as soon as they enter school are classified, tracked, and categorized. They know it and lower expectations become self-perpetuating. These wounds were the most commonly confronted during Olson’s research. †¢ Wounds of perfection happen to students who continually chase the highest grades by doing precisely what the teacher wants. They may be reluctant to take risks due to fear of failure. Pressure takes the enjoyment out of learning. †¢ Wounds of the average happen when students are made to feel stuck in the middle. They are squarely between programs for the gifted and handicapped since they qualify for neither. They put in the time, do the least they can, and are not challenged. They spend their time trying not to be noticed and don’t see themselves as unique in any way. They see their abilities as rigid and not able to be improved through effort or focus. All of these wounds are produced in school environments that are intolerant of cognitive, emotional, or identity differences. They produce alienation for the learner, and reduce pleasure in learning. Olson sees the basic problem as schools not changing much since they were invented. Students are sorted and tracked, resulting in schools bolsteringShow MoreRelatedA Hectic Journey in Their Eyes Were Watching God was written by Zora Neale Hurston633 Words   |  3 Pages1937. Hurstons book guides us through character Janie Crawford’s hectic journey while taking place in the 1900s. The story starts out with Janie, a middle-aged black woman, returning to her hometown in Eatonville, Florida. Her surprise visit gets the town talking. They wonder where she had gone, what she was doing, and why she was gone so long. Janie’s friend, Pheoby Watson, visits Janie to find out what happened. The conversation that they share frames the rest of the entire book. Janie beginsRead MoreOverview: Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston1641 Words   |  7 PagesHurstons book guides us through character Janie Crawford’s hectic journey while taking place in the 1900s. The story starts out with Janie, a middle-aged African American woman, returning to her hometown in Eatonville, Florida. Her surprise visit gets the town talking. They wonder where she had gone, what she was doing, and why she was gone so long. Janie’s friend, Pheoby Watson, visits Janie to find out what happened. The conversation that they share frames the rest of the entire book. Janie beginsRead MoreThe Sentiment of Oprah, Not Hurston: Their Eyes Were Watching God1502 Words   |  7 Pagesopus, Their Eyes Were Watching God, and remade it into an entirely different story that did not comply with the book. By altering Janie’s character, moral fiber, relationships, and public acts, it changed the meaning of the novel. The symbolism and the significance of the title varied from the book and the story morphed into a tale of love when made into a movie. Zora Neale Hurston’s book held a disparate meaning before it fell into the hands of Oprah, who annihilated it. Janie’s character obtainedRead MoreSelf-Actualizing Through Loving Others1685 Words   |  7 Pagesthis story, as she attended four different schools after growing up in Eatonville, Florida, Americas first African-American town, where Janie first escapes for a new beginning (McLeod). Hurston studied cultural anthropology and started writing her books during the Great Depression (McLeod). The negative portrayal of blacks in the novel could allude to the sad times of prejudice when she grew up. Hurston struggled when growing up from her mothers death at an early age, her fathers quick remarriageRead MoreCritique of Oprah Winfreys Film Version of Their Eyes Were Watching God1771 Words   |  8 Pagesread the book. Winfrey totally eviscerated Hurston’s unsurpassed novel, extrapolating what she thought important without going in depth in to the true meaning of the story. Oprah took Hurston’s writing and morphed it into her own abominable movie. Oprah’s first mistake, changing Janie’s character to making her equal to men, strengthened Janie in order to show that she controlled her life. Zora Neale Hurtson wrote Janie as a woman subordinate to men, such as Logan Killicks or Joe Starks. â€Å"‘She’s uhRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God- Janies Self Realization2063 Words   |  9 Pagesstart. As the main character she sought to finally find herself, true love, and have a meaningful life. Growing up, in itself, provides a perfect opportunity for finding that essential state of self-realization and ideal comfort. Michael G. Cooke reviews Their Eyes Were Watching God in his article The Beginnings of Self-Realization; within the article it is falsely criticized that every time Janie is negatively impacted she grows to become more self-sufficient, however, was correct in observingRead MoreInfluence Of Social Status On Comics2307 Words   |  10 PagesComic Books Changing With The Times Growing up the biggest dream of mine was to wake up one day and have a super power. I would be able to help defend the world, save people from bad guys, and make the world a better place. Sadly, I ended up just going to college and studying to be a mechanical engineer, but the dream is still alive! Even now while going through my studies, comic books still intrigue me and one of the aspects that has me the most curious is the sudden shift recently taking placeRead More â€Å"Ships at a Distance†: Dreams in Their Eyes Were Watching God1945 Words   |  8 Pagesdid not make love. Janie’s first dream was dead, so she became a woman† (Hurston 25). Discontent with lack of passion in her first marriage, Janie decides to abandon her dream of finding love with Logan and does not hesitate to run away with Jody Starks when the situation presents itself. Deborah Clarke comments on this change in heart, writing, â€Å"Janie thus gives up a vision she has seen - that of the pear tree - in favor of one she can only imagine: horizons, chance, and change† (605). With Janie’sRead MoreFairness and Purity: Why American Baseball Players Should Know Better1927 Words   |  8 PagesP. Farhi Keuka College February 2013 Fairness and Purity: Why American Baseball Players Should Know Better Reading the recent articles â€Å"We, the Public, Place the Best Athletes on Pedestals† by William Moller, and â€Å"Cheating and CHEATING† by Joe Posnanski, I found occasion to consider the use of steroids in baseball for the first time. In these essays, Moller and Posnanski tapped into the running commentary about performance-enhancing substances and their relative acceptability in the baseballRead More Finding Hope in Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay3095 Words   |  13 Pagesrealizes that she is living Nannys dreams rather than her own. She also realizes that with protection comes obligation--Killicks feels he deserves to slap her around. With that discovery, she makes the choice to escape with Jody and his ambitious ideas. Joe seems closer to her ideal, closer to the dream of marriage that she has nourished despite opposition.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Jody is complex. He represents a whole host of things, including the attempt of the black man to gain wealth and power, his effort to pattern

Education Booklet on School Visit to Marae

Question: Discuss about theEducationfor Booklet on School Visit to Marae. Answer: Marae as a Critical Site of Learning Marea is a religious place in New Zealand. It is an important site to observe healthy community relationship. Mainly it is a place of the refugees. It is a place, where they gather to discuss various issues, celebrate community festivals, and to bid farewell to any dead person. The tribe living in Marae is called Maori. According to king (2016), these people hold the belief of living a life of their own within their own set of value systems. Maoritanga is guided by these concepts and it outlines their cultural identity. Gurley (2015) discussed, they believe in exercising their own language, oratory, social etiquette and values. They have re-established their values and philosophies. According to Jones (2016), Marae is a socially integrative place fostering identity, pride, and self-respect of the people. The tanga and hui are the two communities living in Marae. These people have survived the influence of western civilization. To understand various aspects of indigenous learning and educational system, Marae is a significant choice. One can gather knowledge about language, oratory, itinerary, various programs, and guidelines that they follow. Hepi (2015) discussed, during his childhood, oratory expert Selwyn Muru listened to many great orators. He watched those taking actions on lost land and confronting hardships of rural life. He was fascinated by what he observed in his older generations. To know about the tradition of oratory, it is important to visit Marae once. According to Rollo (2016), they expect a non-Maori people to understand these traditions and respect it to avoid any situation of embarrassment. One can say that visiting Marae is a cultural experience for the visitors. They get to know about the lives of Maoris closely. The selected school was Peria School. It is situated at 1430 Oruru Road of Peria in Marae. As discussed by Kelderman (2014), it is a rural school with 50 students along and 3 principals and 3 classroom teachers. They also have five administrative and support staff. According to Rewi (2013), it is found that the school is a well-constructed one with adequate facilities for the students. The teachers and the school authorities have ensured a high quality-learning environment for the students. Each classroom has an interactive whiteboard, a desktop or laptop for every child. Before talking about it in detail, first the journey to the Peria School will be discussed. Peria is a large Maori village. Surely, all the Maorian culture is observed there. Shilliam (2015) discussed that the school was amidst hill and beautiful plantations. It is found that every house was covered by the grove of peach trees. One can observe a Maori-built church and a burial place, a post office and a flourmill while going towards the school. It was an idyllic life. In the Peria School, one would observe the teacher teaching students aged from eight to 50 including male and females. According to Ward (2013), there was a large Whare Runanga or council hall at the central position of the school. Aikman (2015) discussed, the chiefs discuss issues on Maori Nation inside this council hall. Their speeches are celebrated with fire, action, humour, decorum and dignity. All these are special features of traditional Maori oratory. Every morning and evening religious prayers start with ringing of bell. Johnson (2015) mentioned that there were classroom blocks and a separate administration area inside the school. A shade house inside the ground produces tree seedlings for sale. Zealand (2014) discussed, after reaching the school and interacting with the teachers and authorities, it is found that those people took great pride on their school and the opportunities they provide for the native students. Even the parents are actively involved in their childs edu cation through the open door policy of the school. It made them to participate in the activities outside the classroom. Itinerary, Programs and Guidelines 9 am 9:30am 9:45 Meeting at the Peria school of Marae. After reaching the school, all guests should assemble at the school gate. Each group should have a spokesperson and a Kai or caller. This Caller is supposed to be female who should respond at the welcoming call. An elderly woman of Tangata Whenua welcomes the Manuhiri visitors. This call functions as permission for the visitors to enter the Marae. Through the call, she also declares the area of the Marae to remain until all the formalities are accomplished. King (2012) discussed, the words that they utter cover four main areas. These are as follows: Welcome all visitors Pay tribute to deceased relatives Acknowledge their tribal lineage if possible Address the function of the Hui As discussed by Aikman (2015), the visitors are supposed to listen to this call with great respect and then reciprocate with words. At the end of it, the elderly woman addresses the purpose of the visit. These rituals are followed by the visitors entry into the gathering place, where they all seat. The speakers group will also sing a song or Waiata. The duration of this phase is long. All the formalities end with the lifting of Tapu. The Tangata Whenua starts the programmes arranged for the Hui. It includes Hangi or a special type of meal. In addition of all these, one would found excellent discipline and order in them. All students march inside and outside of the school carrying their books at a word of command. Next, they do their breakfast at eight am in the morning and then live in school before the dinner. Johnson (2015) discussed that all students are neatly dressed. The school provides them with necessary books, which are preserved in the boxes. These children are trained to read and write in the native Maori language perfectly. It is seen that the teachers dictate the Maori language and they note down everything in detail with perfection. Roles of Men, Women, and Elders in Transmitting Tradition from Older to Newer Generations All the rituals and customs that the Maori people perform are transmitted from older generations to the new generations. According to Gurley (2015), both men and women play their parts in maintaining the traditional customs. It is already discussed that the women act as the main Callers. Most elderly women do this on behalf of the Maori people. The caller from the visitors group is also a woman. It is believed that these women having past the age of childbearing, posses the power to eliminate all negative influences of the visitors or the Tangata Whenua. However, they are not allowed sit in the front row at the gathering place because they believe it would affect their fertility. It is the men who sit there and deliver speeches. Even their wives are barred from sitting with these men. Women sit in third or fourth row. These people believe in protecting their women. It is believed that the speeches of the men negate all negative influences. The tradition of oratory is maintained with discipline. King (2012) discussed that the males delivering speeches mainly talk about their ancestors so that the newer generation and the visitors start respecting the Maori tradition. However, the women sitting in the other rows are given the responsibility to correct the speeches if there are any mistakes. It is the tradition to announce the mistakes as loudly as possible so that everyone gets to know about the teal facts and the speaker feels ashamed for his mistake. It is a message to the new generation. Women are considered as the keeper of the culture. However, some of the Maori tribe do not allow women to speak anything. Womens liberty to speak is a matter of concern in Maori. According to Shilliam (2015), in some instances, Prime Minister Helen Clarke faced problems speaking in the Marae. However, apart from some tribal communities, domination over women by men is not found in large sections. Women are given the central position i n Aotearoa language revitalization movement. According to Shilliam (2015), during 1970s and 1980s, the Maori women led the protest against land, language and sovereignty. Mitra Szaszy, Eva Rickard, and Whina Cooper nurtured this language revitalization movement. According to Gurley (2015), even women stood by the efforts by men in the Womens Welfare League, founded in 1951. Another instance of projecting women power in the Maori politics was observed in 1950s in the work of Dame Katerina Mataria. All the elderly people are respected in great esteem. In a wider family, they are supposed to play various roles. They are the only source of knowledge about the tradition and history of Maori people. Therefore, they perform all the customs and rituals in most of the times. They act as the guardian leading the generations. They also take the responsibility of nurturing children. Whenever the parents work on the fields and go outside for fighting, these elderly people look after their children. The elderly people are responsible for giving solutions to any problems. According to Rewi (2013), in Maori language they are called Kaumatua. One can observe many stories and legends featuring the role of kaumatua in their lives. The elderly women pass their knowledge of traditions and customs to the female member of the new generation. From the 1970s, the Kaumatua flats were built by the Marae to keep these elderly people an active part of Marae community. Shilliam (2015) discussed that the male members of the Marae community play the role of the leaders. They get involved in war and go to field for ploughing. All the Marae boys of newer generation learn the technique of war and ploughing from their fathers. The value system, discipline, and beliefs nurtured by the male members are transmitted to the newer generations. These male members are also experts in hunting. It is a fact that in rural areas, the main occupations of these Marae people are ploughing and hunting. To hold on with their tradition, it is mandatory to involve the new generations into the traditional system. As already discussed, the Male members of the community are given the responsibility of oratory. Apart from that, the male members perform the most famous traditional Hakka dance. One can also find it in the Rugby team of New Zealand. The male Rugby team has popularized this tribal dance form. The male members of the newer generation also adopt this traditional art from their male members. References Aikman, P. J. W. E. (2015). Within the Fourfold: Dwelling and Being on the Marae.Sites: A Journal of Social Anthropology Cultural Studies,12(2). Gurley, M. (2015). The Myth of Tahiti: Breaking Colonial Confines and Finding the Subaltern Voice Through a Revival of Traditional Art Forms. Hepi, T. (2015).History, gender and tradition in the M?ori nation: female leaders in Witi Ihimaera's The Matriarch, The Whale Rider and The Parihaka Woman: a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English at Massey University, Manawat?, New Zealand(Doctoral dissertation, Massey University). Johnson, N. F. (2015). The Past is in the Present. InChildrens Images of Identity(pp. 89-101). SensePublishers. Jones, C. (2016).New Treaty, New Tradition: Reconciling New Zealand and Maori Law. UBC Press. Kelderman, M. (2014). Te Whare W?nanga o Hoani Waititi Marae. King, P., Hodgetts, D., Rua, M., Te Whetu, T. (2015). Older men gardening on the marae: Everyday practices for being Maori.AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples,11(1), 14. King, P., Young-Hauser, A., Li, W., Rua, M., Nikora, L. W. (2012). Exploring the nature of intimate relationships: A M?ori perspective.. Rewi, P. (2013).Whaikorero: The world of maori oratory. Auckland University Press. Rollo, T. M. (2016). Kapa Haka Transforms Lives Through Arts-Based Service Learning: Developing a Sense of Community Ownership in Service Learning Projects: A M?ori Perspective.Engaging First Peoples in Arts-Based Service Learning: Towards Respectful and Mutually Beneficial Educational Practices, 159-174. Shilliam, R. (2015).The black Pacific: Anti-colonial struggles and oceanic connections. Bloomsbury Publishing. Ward, A. (2013).Show of Justice: Racial Amalgamation in Nineteenth Century New Zealand. Auckland University Press. Zealand, S. N. (2014). Taku marae e: Connecting to ancestral marae 2013.

Mgt free essay sample

Consumer Behavior: Segmentation and Targeting Professor Dr. Gordon Leichter May 14, 2012 Abstract The assignment reviews industry practices which involve segmentation, targeting and positioning. I will attempt to explain these three consumer behaviors below. The airline industry will use the above mentioned practices in order to enhance and or improve marketing strategies. In order for this to take place and marketing analyst must develop techniques to observe consumer behavior by analyzing segmenting, targeting and positioning for airline industry Identify Key External Factors That Affect the Passenger Airline Industry To explain how the key external factors affect the passenger airline and how the impact occurs. The airline industry was heavily impacted by the global recession. Many major Airline companies faced heavy revenue losses and a hand full of airlines merged in the post-recession era to handle the situation of decreasing demand in air travel. In order to be successful, they have to carry out their business from a certain value-based perspective â€Å"less for much less† and concentrate their attention on the following Key Success Factors of their industry which would be the overall low costs: overall low costs are essential to be able to offer cheap fares. We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are achieved by several cost-cutting business practices such as: * Point-to-point services (no waiting for baggage or passenger transfers, less complexity) * Cheaper product design (no free food or drinks, no newspapers) * Standardized fleet (lower aircraft capital outlay, lower training costs, cheaper parts amp; equipment supply, lower maintenance costs) * Use of secondary airports (lower charges) * Direct Sales via Internet as main distribution channel Explain Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning According to an article from the University of Southern California on egmentation, targeting and positioning, there is some good information explain all three. Segmentation involves finding out what kinds of consumers with different needs exist. Segmentation, targeting, and positioning working together comprise a three stage process. The first stage is to determine which kinds of customers exist. The second stage is to select which ones we are best off trying to serve and, finally , the third stage is to implement our segmentation by optimizing our products/services for that segment  and communicating that we have made the choice to distinguish ourselves that way. Demographic  variables essentially refer to personal statistics such as income, gender, education, location (rural vs. urban, East vs. West), ethnicity, and family size. Some consumers want to be seen as similar to others, while a different segment wants to stand apart from the crowd. Another basis for segmentation is  behavior. Some consumers are â€Å"brand loyal†, they tend to stick with their preferred brands even when a competing one is on sale. Some consumers are â€Å"heavy† users while others are â€Å"light† users. In the next step, we decide to  target  one or more segments. Segmentation involves finding out what kinds of consumers with different needs exist. First, how well are existing segments served by  other  manufacturers? Secondly, how large is the segment, and how can we expect it to grow? Thirdly, do we have strengths as a company that will help us appeal particularly to one group of consumers? Positioning  involves  implementing  our targeting the product that occupies in consumer’s minds relative to competing products which are typically defined by consumers on the basis of important attributes. Positioning normally involves implanting the brand’s unique benefits and differentiation in the customer’s mind and it maps that plot perceptions of brands are commonly used. (Anonymous, n. d. ) Identify the Major Airline Market Segments In the article, â€Å"Identifying Market Segments and Selecting Target Markets,† segment marketing, companies identify consumer with similar needs and wants. For example, an airline is looking forward to providing no frills connectivity between metro cities on us east coast compare. This segment is within airline industry but needs of customer is different. Target audience is low budget travelers, however, customers within the segment look for different attributes, for example, lunch or beverages as part of travel. Here companies can offer this by charging the customer. A niche market is worth exploring where customers are willing to pay a premium for product, entry barriers are high and market has growth potential. In local marketing, customers are local neighborhood, trading stores, for example, many banks prefer local marketing for better understanding of client and provide them right type of service. In individual marketing, companies look forward to satisfying needs and wants of individual customer. Internet is facilitating the process of individual marketing, where in customer log on to the site and creates products from available options. This process is not feasible for high technology products like automobiles. What Are the Target Markets for First Class vs. Business Class vs. Economy Class The target market for the different airline class is that first class  is for high budget travelers comprising passengers and the  target market  consists mainly of German  and   international business. The business class traveler primary fly in first/business class and this target is mainly geared for corporate travelers by offering a very high touch approach to service end to end. The  economy class  targets small corporate customers, tourists  and  budget travelers (such as students) whereas the  business class  aims at medium  and  big corporate customers. These target markets are identical when viewing people and their societal differences when it comes to background and exposure. (Anonymous, n. d. ) Contrast Jet Blue vs. Southwest Airlines | In an article by Chris Woodyard in USA Today, he outlined several contracts between JetBlue at Southwest Airlines. Below are a few of the documented differences between the two. I will focus on the listed issues that I seem to face when traveling. Ticket counter and gate: Southwest has installed enough self-serve check-in machines at Los Angeles International to hold down the wait time in the ticket counter line. The ticket counter is usually well staffed, so lines move quickly. JetBlue ticket counter only took three minutes to check my bag. Boarding: Southwests open-seating policy encourages passengers to get aboard faster to claim an aisle or window. JetBlue has bigger planes, 156-seat Airbus A-320s, but they are often boarded from both ends. Passengers get aboard faster. Cleanliness: Both airlines have leather seats. The Southwest jet had the older brown interior, which is being replaced by new blue interiors on the entire fleet. There were ink scribbles on the headrest in front of my seat. The JetBlue interior was spotless. The average age of a JetBlue plane is 20 months. Southwests average fleet age is about 8 years. Cabin crew: Southwests flight attendants are usually fun. They also know when to turn off the jokes, such as on early-morning flights. On the day I flew, humor was in short supply. When a passenger asked for second pillow, the flight attendant replied, You only get one. Thats it. They came by for two beverage runs and a snack-box run. On JetBlue, pillows were plentiful. The pilot stood at the front of the cabin greeting arriving passengers. The flight attendants came by once to offer beverages and again to deliver snacks. They showed up twice more to hand out bottled water. On-time performance and baggage: JetBlue ranked first among 19 U. S. airlines in on-time performance for the 12-month period ended in April, according to the U. S. Department of Transportation. Southwest was third. JetBlue also had the best record of any airline for not losing bags in April. Southwest was fourth. People travel because they are pushed by physiological, psychological, intangible and internal factors; and people travel also because they are pulled by the unique things a destination feature, such as image, recreation facilities, education, appreciating scenery, safety, gambling and foods. Compare and explain the impact of key external factors on each, e. g. , economic conditions and the growing consumer interest in leisure travel. There are various factors, which affect segmentation in the business market. Demographic is one such factor, which consists of type of industry, size of company and geographical location of the company. Operational segmentation is on the technology class, customer consumption and customer requirements. Purchasing methodology includes segmentation based on purchase policy, purchase department structure, relation with companies and market positioning of companies. The order Requirements lets segmentation be based on nature of requirement and size of order. Personality trait segmentation looks at loyalty and risk profile. Describe each companys target market and positioning. Give some examples of how these strategies are implemented for each company. Each company target customers are â€Å"fare-conscious travelers who might otherwise have used alternate forms of transportation or would not have traveled at all. The current base consists primarily of leisure travelers, the most price sensitive class of travelers. However, JetBlue is increasingly courting a higher class of passengers who have the resources to pay more for a business or first-class ticket, but appreciate a lower fare without sacrificing high-class customer service, especially when corporations are looking to reduce business travel due to tough economic conditions. Both companies are in a unique position to target business travelers during tough economic times. As a discount provider who also focuses on customer service, they can appeal to cost-sensitive business people that need to cut travel costs but don’t want to sacrifice comfort, convenience, and modernity. Conclusion This concludes my paper on segmentation, targeting, and positioning of the airline industry and the comparative analysis of Jet Blue and Southwest Airlines. References Anonymous, (n. d. ), University of Southern California. Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning. Copyright  ©1999-2010 by Lars Perner. Retrieved May 17, 2012 from: http://www. consumerpsychologist. com/cb_Segmentation. html Anonymous, (n. d. ), Identifying Market Segments and Selecting Target Copyright  © 2008 – 2012 Markets. Retrieved May 17, 2012 from http://www. managementstudyguide. com/identifying-market-segments. htm Anonymous, (n. d. ), Marketing Profs. Retrieved May 17, 2012 from: http://www. marketingprofs. com/ea/qst_question. asp? qstID=37390 Anonymous, (n. d. ), Integrated Company Analysis. Retrieved May 24, 2012 from: http://business. library. wisc. edu/resources/kavajecz/10_Fall/JetBlue_Report. pdf Anonymous, (n. d. ), Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning, Building the Right Relationships with the Right Customers. Copyright  © 2012 Slideshare Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2012 from: http://www. slideshare. net/mehmetcihangir/segmentation-targeting-and-positioning-presentation Woodyard, Chris, Pitting Southwest vs. JetBlue USA TODAY. Retrieved May 17, 2012 from: http://www. usatoday. com/travel/news/2004-07-05-biztravel-comparison_x. htm

NGOs and Environmental politics

NGOs and Environmental politics Introduction Generally, human beings attach great importance to the environment since their means of living and quality of life rely on it. As the environmental threats increases, so do the attempts to safeguard environmental values[1].Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on NGOs and Environmental politics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Environmental politics are interested in the manner in which individuals arrange themselves systematically and configure activities to defend their interest in the environment. It takes into account the vibrancy of social movements, organizations and state machineries, and how they work together[2]. The subject of environmental conservation poses an exceptional test to politics. Among them is the transnational nature of the ecological trend. In other words, environmental processes go beyond national boundaries. For example, countries along the coastal line share the same waters an d fish stocks[3]. Conflicts and apathy have often emerged due to disparities in regional or international environmental concerns and the current political structures and boundaries (Walters, 2004, p. 2). The gains of economic development characteristically accrue to one country or region, yet the negative environmental impact of such development is normally transferred to another country or region, in terms of polluted air and water. This provides less motivation to control pollution from its origin. In addition, the administration may be less obliged to impose penalties on the industries concerned when it is clear that the pollution takes place outside their jurisdiction[4]. History has shown that political engagements in ecological affairs are capricious and diminishes with time, and development varies from additional to groundbreaking depending on the background and prospect[5]. One analyst once described the history of global environmental action as a target that appears impossi ble to achieve at the moment. For the above reasons, environmental politics have always relied strongly on chronological and case study analysis[6]. This research paper will explore the role played by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) in environmental matters and explain why they are the best to deal with global environmental challenges. First, the study will start by examining the chronology of NGO’s in matters of environmental politics. The research will be based on different premises and concepts and key arguments between different authors and their academic positions.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Chronology of environmentalist NGO’s In order to acknowledge the significance of NGO in global environmental actions it is important to understand what an NGO is because a wide range of entities exist. According to Hrabanski and others, organizations vary in accordance with the size, composition, sources of funds, beliefs, goals, operational scope and activities[7]. DolÃ… ¡ak defines an NGO as private, non profit-making, professional entity with a characteristic official character, concerned with the general well being of the people and societal goals. Societal goal in this case relates to issues of environment, whereas characteristic official character relates refers to official registration[8]. The history of NGOs is somehow ambiguous. The first NGOs were created by elite conservationist in U.S and Europe to prevent extinction of certain animal species and to idealize environment[9]. They assumed an ethical politics of environmental change by emphasizing on how the environment is supposed to look like through art and literature and advocating for the conservation of natural ecosystem. For example, Sutter shows in his description of the wilderness movement how the Americans in the early 20th century fe ared the use of automobiles in wilderness excursion. In other words, they feared that the use of automobiles will lead to exploration of remote areas and degradation of the forest. In addition, the creation of conservation NGOs reflected the societal response towards ecological destruction under the capitalism[10]. In the mid 20th century, the ecological concerns together with the emerging generational activists transformed the movement, thus providing a fresh meaning to NGOs. The new NGOs became green thinkers, which was ostensibly the organizational expression of political progress. Many literatures tended to analyze this new thinking in terms of green philosophy and often in a principled manner. This is because NGO’s formed during this era had to confront numerous environmental challenges. For example, Greenpeace (established in 1971 in Toronto, Canada) and Friends of the Earth (established in the late 1960s in U.S) captured the world attention in their campaigns to stop W haling and proliferation of nuclear weapons respectively. In addition, those who were involved in such campaigns were very youthful, energetic and confrontational. Generally, the new NGO’s were viewed as an embodiment of radical forms of environmentalism. They started as small groups of protesters to become colossal global entities that fought nearly all environmental challenges. A number of authors catalogued how these NGO’s had transformed into international protest organizations[11].Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on NGOs and Environmental politics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many academicians shun such literatures; yet they often share the fundamental assumption regarding the dogmatic significance of these organizations as the foundation of contemporary environmentalism. Some of the writers have explained the growth in NGO’s on political movements and demonstration influenced by models egalitarianism, mobilization of resources and traits of a social pressure group[12]. Nowadays, NGO’s have changed in structure and practice. Most of their activities are currently centred on people’s means of living and acknowledging the linkage between people and the environment. The model examples are Philippine Non-Governmental Organizations which have been vocal on matters pertaining to sustainable development. In addition, the current NGOs have usually played the role of civil society. For this reason, NGOs have become ideological actors that promote social justice and democracy[13]. A number of authors have probed the political innovativeness and vibrancy of the NGO-led civil society that advances novel forms of interaction between communities and the environment. Their studies acknowledge the significant role played by the NGO in the conservation and protection of international priceless ecological public goods. In addition, they recognize the role played by NGO’s in the transformation of transnational relations through civil action and global environmental treaties[14]. Suitability of NGO’s in environmental politics Even though the arguments that the nation states are slowly losing their significance are impulsive, the influence of NGO’s in the global arena is growing at an alarming rate. There is no other field of politics that NGOs have gained more influence than in the field of environmental politics. Many NGOs nowadays command huge amounts of resources and have a large pool of knowledgeable and very much trained professional staff. In addition, they have a huge network across the globe[15]. These NGO’s wield massive influence on matters of public policy both locally and internationally. Whether these policies are in the form of the provision of clean water to local communities, investigating the environmental activities of large transnational corporations, or representing the interest of the underpri vileged at major conferences, the role of the NGOs can no longer be ignored. As a matter of fact, NGOs are exhibiting a growing eagerness to circumvent state structures to represent matters of great concern. They normally pick up where state actors have failed or are still hesitant[16]. Political and environmental experts foresee the role of NGOs in environmental politics increasing in the future[17]. In the last four decades, the world has witnessed an unprecedented increase in unconditional trade and in some cases the economic size of transnational corporations has surpassed the GDP of foreign countries in which they operate.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the current competitive global market, some governments have appeared to bend investment laws to attract foreign investment, that is, they often embrace market-based and non-mandatory approaches. At the same time, external pressures to match the domestic standards and regulations with the international policies are increasing. As a result, the reconciliation of these standards and regulations with environmental matters has become a major challenge for national government. Particularly, the management of the effects of trade and investment on the environment has become very challenging for less industrialized nations. This necessitates the role of NGOs in the global environmental protection[18]. Additionally, less developed economies are justifiably keen to attract foreign investors in their country, but feeble institutions and lack of political good will mean that environmental standards and regulations will not be strictly enforced. On a positive note, transnational corporations normally bring with them state of the art technologies which are more environmentally friendly than the local ones. However, the tempo of economic transformation in the less developed economies is shocking and devastating in its effects[19]. Furthermore, environmental and development challenges facing the emerging economic powers like India and China is worrying the international community. At the moment, the Western nations are not certain of their future without the involvement of these countries in the global environmental protection and conservation[20]. The local and international courts have become a battleground between the NGOs and the government on environmental matters. Irritated over alleged backtracking by the regimes on environmental obligations, NGOs have often used the legal channel to pressurize the government to apply the current laws on environmental protection and more uncompromisingly take legal action against the lawbreakers. In addition, they have been using t he courts as an arbitrator of crucial constitutional matters, for instance, the rights of citizens to clean environment[21]. According to Dobson, the government has taken several actions to tackle the current environmental challenges. In the 60s and 70s, the strategy used was based on stringent regulatory measures, where standards are set and implementation is backed by stern warnings. This approach proved to be successful and mainly relied on the use of eco-friendly technologies. However, with the competitive pressure of liberalization, governments were forced to come up with strategies that are bendable and less costly. This is why the NGOs have recently become more popular since they make sure that the governments do not go to an extreme level in trying to woo the investors at the expense of environmental protection and conservation[22]. Last but not least, NGOs have recently adopted consumer boycotts as a strategy to amend organizational and statutory policies and some, for inst ance, Greenpeace, have set their own standards for certain products[23]. To sum up, the research paper was to a certain extent selective in its coverage-after all, environmental politics is a new but broad and complex subject. At the risk of trying to be as simple as possible, the study explored the NGO as an actor in environmental politics and their growing popularity in the environmental matters. Nonetheless, NGOs also have a couple of flaws. A number of them have often used the public to attain cheap publicity. In addition, NGO’s have been used to siphon money from foreign donors by corrupt individuals and terrorist organizations. All in all, the role played by the NGOs in socioeconomic, environmental, and political matters cannot be underestimated[24]. Conclusion Over the last 50 years, environmental subjects have been in the central state of major discussions. This is attributed to the fact that human beings attach great importance to the environment since their means of living and quality of life rely on it. In addition, conflicts and apathy have often emerged due to disparities in regional or international environmental concerns and the current political structures and boundaries. As a result, attempts to safeguard environmental values have been on the increase. There are numerous actors in the field of environmental politics; however, NGOs have become the most prominent. This is because they command huge amounts of resources, have a large pool of knowledgeable and well trained professional staff, and have a huge network across the globe. In addition, the NGOs normally represent the poor and underprivileged at the global arena. Locally, the NGOs have gained popularity because they have taken the role of the civil society and currently acting as government watchdogs in socioeconomic, political, and environmental matters. In the current competitive global market, some governments tend to bend investment laws to attract foreign investment, that is, they often embrace market-based and non-mandatory approaches. The NGOs make sure that the governments do not go to an extreme level trying to woo the investors at the expense of environmental protection and conservation. They have been driving their agenda in the street, in the forums and in the court of law. Even though they have been criticized from different quotas for a number of vices, the role played by NGOs in both local and global environmental politics cannot be underestimated. Bibliography Adams, W M J, Hutton, ‘People, parks and poverty: political ecology and biodiversity conservation,’ Conservation and Society, vol. 5, 2007, pp. 147–183. Barry, J EG, Frankland, International encyclopedia of environmental politics, London Routledge, 2002. BÃ ¶hmelt, T C, Betzold, ‘The impact of environmental interest groups in international negotiations: Do NGOs induce stronger environmental commitments?’ International Environmental Agreements: Politic s, Law and Economics, vol.13, no.2, 2013, pp. 127-151. DolÃ… ¡ak, N, ‘Climate Change Policies in the Transitional Economies of Europe and Eurasia: The Role of NGOs’, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 24, no. 2, 2013, pp. 382-824. Dryzek, J S D, Schlosberg, Debating the earth: The environmental politics Reader, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998. Hall, NL R, Taplin, ‘Environmental Nonprofit Campaigns and State Competition: Influences on Climate Policy in California’, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 21, no.1, 2010, pp. 62-81. Hrabanski, M, C, Bidaud, J, Le Coq P, MÃ ©ral, ‘Environmental NGOs, policy entrepreneurs of market-based instruments for ecosystem services? A comparison of Costa Rica, Madagascar and France’, Forest Policy and Economics, vol. 37, 2013, pp.124-132. Sutter, P S, Driven wild: how the fight against automobiles launched the modern wilderness movement, Seattle, WA, University of Washington Press, 2002. Dobson, A, Green political thought, 4th edn, London, UK, Routledge, 2007. Vig, NJ ME Kraft, Environmental policy: New directions in the 21st century, 5th edn, Washington, D.C, Congressional Quarterly Press, 2002. Vormedal, I, The Influence of Business and Industry NGOs in the Negotiation of the Kyoto Mechanisms: the Case of Carbon Capture and Storage in the CDM, Global Environmental Politics, vol. 8, no. 4, 2010, pp.36-65. Weyler, R, Greenpeace: the inside story, Vancouver, Canada, Raincoast Books, 2004. Walters, BB, Environmental Politics, Mount Allison University, Sackville, 2004. Footnotes BB, Walters, Environmental Politics, Sackville, Mount Allison University, 2004. JS, Dryzek D, Schlosberg, Debating the earth: The environmental politics Reader, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998. J,Barry EG, Frankland, International encyclopedia of environmental politics, LondonRoutledge, 2002. J,Barry EG, Frankland, International enc yclopedia of environmental politics, London Routledge, 2002. JS, Dryzek D, Schlosberg, Debating the earth: The environmental politics Reader, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998. Ibid. M, Hrabanski, C, Bidaud, J, Le Coq P, MÃ ©ral, ‘Environmental NGOs, policy entrepreneurs of market-based instruments for ecosystem services? A comparison of Costa Rica, Madagascar and France’, Forest Policy and Economics, vol. 37, 2013, pp.124-132. N, DolÃ… ¡ak, ‘Climate Change Policies in the Transitional Economies of Europe and Eurasia: The Role of NGOs’, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 24, no. 2, 2013, pp. 382-824. WM, Adams J, Hutton ‘People, parks and poverty: political ecology and biodiversity conservation,’ Conservation and Society, vol. 5, 2007, pp. 147–183. PS, Sutter, Driven wild: how the fight against automobiles launched the modern wilderness movement, Seattle, WA, University of Washington Press, 2002. R, Weyler, Greenpeace: the inside story, Vancouver, Canada, Raincoast Books, 2004. Ibid. T, BÃ ¶hmelt C, Betzold, ‘The impact of environmental interest groups in international negotiations: Do NGOs induce stronger environmental commitments?’ International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, vol.13, no.2, 2013, pp. 127-151. I, Vormedal, The Influence of Business and Industry NGOs in the Negotiation of the Kyoto Mechanisms: the Case of Carbon Capture and Storage in the CDM, Global Environmental Politics, vol. 8, no. 4, 2010, pp.36-65. I, Vormedal, The Influence of Business and Industry NGOs in the Negotiation of the Kyoto Mechanisms: the Case of Carbon Capture and Storage in the CDM, Global Environmental Politics, vol. 8, no. 4, 2010, pp.36-65. T, BÃ ¶hmelt C, Betzold, ‘The impact of environmental interest groups in international negotiations: Do NGOs induce stronger environmental commitments?’ International Environmental Agreements: P olitics, Law and Economics, vol.13, no.2, 2013, pp. 127-151. NJ, Vig ME Kraft, Environmental policy: New directions in the 21st century, 5th edn, Washington, D.C, Congressional Quarterly Press, 2002. NL, Hall R, Taplin 2010, ‘Environmental Nonprofit Campaigns and State Competition: Influences on Climate Policy in California’, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 21, no.1, 2010, pp. 62-81. M, Hrabanski, C, Bidaud, J, Le Coq P, MÃ ©ral, ‘Environmental NGOs, policy entrepreneurs of market-based instruments for ecosystem services? A comparison of Costa Rica, Madagascar and France’, Forest Policy and Economics, vol. 37, 2013, pp.124-132. Ibid. N, DolÃ… ¡ak, ‘Climate Change Policies in the Transitional Economies of Europe and Eurasia: The Role of NGOs’, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 24, no. 2, 2013, pp. 382-824. A, Dobson, Green political thought, 4th edn, London, UK, Routledg e, 2007. Ibid. JS, Dryzek D, Schlosberg, Debating the earth: The environmental politics Reader, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998.

Legal Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Analysis Paper - Essay Example ecently, most employers have opted for the â€Å"covenant not to compete†, however strict measures have been placed in the rule of law which generally disapproves right to earn a living by former employee which is highly upheld in the courts. This paper generally intends to look into circumstances where court of law can enforce non-competition agreement and the relevant competing policy that are at stake. Also solution offered by the non-compete contract. Enough consideration to encourage a non-competition agreement comes in a variety of forms that is; payments to the employees, previous employment and under certain circumstances of continued employment and also intangibles like; knowledge, skills and professional status. Courts enforce non-competition agreement when; there is necessity to protect certain employer interest; agreement is in reasonable time and scope (period of six months to one year when agreement is to last and where good will is the only interest at stake and the employees customer contract is limited to a specific region); it is consistent with public interest (Garmaise, 2009). Courts uphold this agreement in two major protectable employer interests, an employer’s relationship with customers, clients and venders (i.e. good will), trade secrets and other confidential business information. Conflicts of interest in non-competitive policy fall under two major stakes, that is; contractual limitations, where involved employee sign a clear written agreement promising to avoid doing certain things and agreeing to pay for damages in event of breach of agreement. Policy guidelines; where employer stipulates his/her expectation from employee (Estlund, 380). Protection of legitimate interest of the employer, limiting the undue hardship to the employee and protection -of public from any harm are key policy interest to be considered. Protection of employer’s interest is upheld through requirements by the employees not leak trade secrets and confidential

Wal-Marts shift to Radio Frequency Identification Essay

Wal-Marts shift to Radio Frequency Identification - Essay Example With money, people could easily purchase exactly what they wanted or needed. This continued on for a few centuries and is still in use in the world though not in the same sense as it used to be before. Today science and technology have revolutionized each and every aspect of human life. Shopping and business are no exceptions-they too have been profoundly modified by technology. Credit cards, billing systems, shopping on the web, internet bank accounts and the system of barcodes on products are some of the examples that depict the extent to which technology has penetrated into this frontier. Even though many advances have been made, global concerns are growing regarding aspects like shoplifting, piracy and misappropriation of products. To check these many solutions have been proposed like the bar code system and most recently the RFID technology. This technology has both merits and demerits as does every other technology ever conceived. Wal Mart's decision to make use of it has given it an impetus. This essay describes about the prospects and aspects of RFID technology keeping Wal Mart in the background. RFID, an emerging technology, stands for Radio Frequency Identification. ...An RFID tag is a small object, such as an adhesive sticker, that can be attached to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person. RFID tags contain antennas to enable them to receive and respond to radio-frequency queries from an RFID transceiver. Passive tags require no internal power source." The tags are generally miniaturized electronic circuits enclosed in protective cases. When they absorb signal from a reading device they get activated and send out data to the reading device. When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing(RFID: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2005). In this way details like its location etc can be ascertained by the reading device. Based on power consumption tags are classified as active or passive. Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. They do not contain any batteries inside them. The minute electrical current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal provides just enough power for the tag to transmit a response. Lack of an onboard power supply means that the device can be quite small and light weight: commercially available products exist that can be embedded into many products. As of 2005, the smallest such devices commercially available measured 0.4 mm 0.4 mm, which is thinner than a sheet of paper; such devices are practically invisible to the naked eye (RFID: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2005).

The Need For Depository Systems In India

The Need For Depository Systems In India With the existence of 23 recognized stock exchanges, Indian capital market has been witnessing rapid growth in recent past. However, this growth has not matched with supporting infrastructure to handle the growing volume of paper that has flooded the market choking and existing system. This has caused problems like delay in transfer, long settlement periods, bad deliveries etc. With the view to globalize Indian capital market in a real sense, the government of India has initiated a number of financial reforms that were initiated in 1991 as part of the structured reforms comprising industrial de-regulation, privatization and globalization. A thigh committee on financial system with Sh. Narsihma Rao as the chairman has set up in 1991, which made for reaching recommendations for banking sector and non-banking financial sector to improve the flexibility and operational efficiency of the markets. Securities Exchange Board of India, Reserve Bank of India, Department of Company Affairs and Ministry of Finance are the important regulatory bodies of the capital market measuring the effective and efficient functioning of the market. SEBI also constituted a number of committees such as G.S. Patel Committee to review the system of carry forward transactions in the stock exchanges, Malegram Committee to review the disclosure practices of companies in primary market, Bhave committee to examine problems pertaining to transport shares. The earlier system, a paper based mode, entails cumbersome legal formalities for the purpose of transfer of securities and settlement of transaction theorem. The earlier system suffered from the following shortcomings, thereby arising the need for depository system, these are Lack of supporting infrastructure, Problems in transactions, Delayed settlements, Soaring costs of transaction, Transactions end up as bad deliveries due to faulty compliance of paper work, mismatch of signatures on transfer deeds with specimen record of the issuer, Theft, mutilation of certificates and other irregularities. The modern system i.e. depository system is the system whereby the transfer and settlement of scrips take place not through transfer deeds and physical delivery of scrips which are traditional but through the modern system of effecting transfer of ownership of securities by means of book entry on the ledgers of the depository without physical movement of scrips. History of stock exchanges The Indian stock markets are nearly 128 years old, with the Bombay stock exchange, the oldest of them functioning since 1875. At present there are 23 recognized stock exchanges. Stock exchanges are the most perfect type of market for securities whether of government and semi-government bodies or other public bodies as also for shares purchases and sales of shares are made in the conditions of the competitions. The bargains that are struck in the trading ring by the members of the stock exchanges are at the fairest prices determined by the basic laws of supply and demand. Development in the capital market The reforms for Indian capital market is mainly focused on market regulation, primary market functioning, secondary markets trading, development of a proper debt securities trading market, development of a derivatives market (futures and options), development of an integrated national market system, technological investment in exchanges, investor protection and more foreign portfolio investment in exchanges. SEBI, the regulatory body of the capital market, has been taking various steps and has introduced various guidelines for the efficient functioning of the market and has also constituted various committees to review the existing system and suggestions for further reforms. Deficiencies in the existing system of Scrips Transfer The existing system, a paper based mode, entails cumbersome legal formalities as per section 108 of Indian Companies Act, 1956, for the purpose for transfer of securities and settlement of transaction there on. The present system suffers from the following shortcomings, thereby arising the need for depository system, these are: Lack of supporting Infrastructure Problem in transactions Global Imperatives Problems in dealing with Securities Greater mobility of Securities Cumbersome legal system Need for depository system Indian capital market has been witnessing rapid growth in recent past. However, this growth has not watched with supporting infrastructure to handle the growing volume of paper that has flooded the market, choking our existing system. This has caused problems like delay in transfers, long settlement period, high levels of failed trade and bad deliveries, high-risk exposure etc. These characteristics were normally the attributes of an under developed market. As the market grows, there is need for better system to ensure that such impediment to growth is removed. The foreign investors seeking to invest in India are also apprehensive about the reliability of the post trade settlement mechanism used in India. The biggest deterrent or bottleneck in Indian capital market was largely manual and paper based settlement system that was obsolete for a rapidly growing market. Since 1992, old trading system in Indian stock exchanges has been under constant review. The main deficiencies have been identified in 2 broad areas: The clearing and settlement system in stock exchanges whereby delivery of shares by the seller and payment by the purchaser is made and Procedure for transfer of shares in the name of the purchaser by the company. The new system has eliminated paper work, facilitated electronic book entry of the transfer of securities, permitted automatic and transparent screen based trading in securities, shorter settlement periods and improved liquidity in investment in securities. All this has given impetus to the growth of the capital market in India. The transactions in a stock exchange, earlier involved physical movement of paper (the share certificate) which first changed hand from the seller to buyer on payment of price and subsequently was sent to the company (issuer of the share) for the change of the ownership of the shares to be incorporated in the books of the company. The process of verification of the ownership of the seller and hence validity of the sale took a long time, disabling the purchaser from the selling the shares further while the shares were being transferred in his or her name. Though section 113 of the Companies Act, 1956, stipulates that the company effects the transfer within 2 m onths. In reality transferring shares in ones name took longer. This delay reduced the liquidity of the investor, as during these times, he/she cannot sell the shares. This has proved particularly inconvenient for large investors for whom fast transfers were essential to maintain the liquidity. Apart from this, physical movement of shares also meant the possibility of theft and loss of shares in transit. The magnitude of the problem has increased manifold as the daily turnover in stock exchange has increased considerably. The average daily turnover of BSE itself amounts to Rs. 500 crores with shares of more than 7500 companies, being traded by more than 650 brokers for more than 30 million investors in the country. This has necessitated the use of better and faster transfer system like computerized records as compared to the physical paper (security) Emergence of Depositories There are two depositories that have emerged in India: National Securities Depositories Limited The Honourable Union Finance Minister, Shri. P. Chidambram inaugurated NSDL as the first depository in the country on Nov 8, 1996. It has been promoted by three premier institutions in India the largest mutual fund UTI, the largest stock exchange NSE of India Ltd. Subsequently, the State Bank of India, the largest commercial bank in India has also taken up a stake in NSDL. NSDL provides for electronic ownership, holding and transfer of securities trading in electronic securities on the NSE commenced in Dec, 96 and the first settlement of transactions in electronic securities was successfully completed at NSDL on Jan 7, 1997. The stock exchange Mumbai BSE also extended the facility of trading in electronic securities from December 27, 1997. NSDL is responsible to every individual to every individual investor who holds electronic balances with the depository. The depository participant acts as an agent of NSDL for providing its services to the investors. NSDL has designed the software for the operating systems in such a way that the software systems at the depository participant office are connected. Thus, a highly integrated set up for maintenance of investor accounts through the DPs has been developed and implemented. NSDL has access to all the accounts of individual maintained by the DPs to ensure adequate control. The operating system of NSDL also maintains continuous electronic connectivity with the registrar and transfer departments/agents of the companies whose securities can be dematerialized in NSDL. To all the investors both retail and institutional, NSDL offers the following services: Maintain beneficial holdings through depository participants. Provide for dematerialization and Rematerialisation of securities Dematerialization Rematerialisation Effect account transfers for settlement of trades Allow for receipt of allotment in the electric form Providing pledging, hypothecation facilities for stocks held with it. Receive and disburse corporate actions (only securities) Central Depositories Services Limited This is the second depository after NSDL. This inter connectivity will be established prior to the commencement of business by CDSL. This will facilitate settlement and movement of assets and custody from one depository to another. CDSL has been promoted by the Stock Exchange, Mumbai (BSE), in association with Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, HDFC Bank and Stare Bank of India. It has been able to tie up with as many as 35 brokers till now. CDSL and NSDL both have signed a MoU for inter-depository connectivity on 23rd April 1999. The MoU covers the understanding between the depositories for inter-depository transfers arising out of transactions not settled through the CH/CC (off market). The procedure for inter-depository transfers between CDSL and NSDL arising out of transactions settled through a CH/CH (on market) are expected to be finalized separately. The Depositories Act, 1996 The Depositories Act makes a provision for the setting up of multiple depositories in India. The investor has been granted the option of holding securities in a physical or dematerialized from. Thus it is a matter of choice for the investor as to whether he wants to avail of depository services. The depository has been entrusted with the responsibility of indemnifying beneficial owners for any loss caused due to negligence of the depository or its participants. For holding securities in the depository, the two routes that are adopted by depositories world over as: Immobilization In this the depository holds the securities in the physical form in its own vaults, but transfer of securities takes place through book entries. Dematerialization In this the securities in physical form are shredded and corresponding credit is made in the form of electronic balances that are maintained in the depository account. The concept of a depository has made a late entry into our country so we are fortunate to have the advantage o hindsight gained from the experience of other depositories the world over as well as adopting the latest technology. Thus, the law in our country has preferred the demat route. The demat securities will be identical and interchangeable as they will not have any unique characteristics such as distinctive number of folio. The depository will facilitate dematerialization of securities. The investor has the option of holding securities in the physical form or in the depository form. He can choose not to opt for depository system by requesting issue of physical certificates. The depository will, thus provide for Rematerialisation. All rights with respect to the securities held in the depository will be with the beneficial owner (investor) and not with the depository, the depository acting as the registered owner only. When transacting through a depository, the investor will not be required to pay stamp duty on transfer of shares within the depository. The depository will interface with the investors through market intermediaries called DPs. The depository will hold beneficial owner the level in formation through its network of DPs. The depository is obliged to provide this information to the issuer company or its registrar and transfer agent at regular intervals. This will facilitate proper distribution of benefits arising out of the investors holdings such as dividend, interest, bonus and rights as on a given record date by the issuer company or its registrar and transfer agent. The SEBI Regulations, 1996 Based on the depositories ordinance, SEBI has notified regulations on 16th May 1996, which specify the norms for functioning and operations of depositories. The depository system is very similar to banking environment. Thus, while a bank performs the function of holding, transferring and allowing withdrawal of funds, a depository performs the function of holding, transferring and allowing withdrawal of securities. A bank reaches out to the masses by setting up its branches. Similarly, a depository reaches out to the general investor through its agents that are the DPs. The regulations have selected various categories of market participants, who are eligible to become DPs and have a well-established customer interface network and are therefore the ideal choice to become the agents of a depository. The categories are: Public Financial Institutions Scheduled Banks RBI approved Foreign Banks operating in India. State Financial Corporations Certified custodians of securities Clearing corporations of stock exchanges Registered stock brokers Non-Banking Financial Companies. Entities desiring to become DPs must apply to the depository and are required to be recommended to SEBI by the depository. If approved and registered by the SEBI, the DP can be admitted on to the depository. The depository has to formulate its own set of criteria for selection of participants. The regulations require the depository to list out through its byelaws the securities, which are eligible to be admitted to depository for dematerialization. Equity shares, debentures, warrant, bonds, units of mutual funds etc. are part of list of eligible securities. The depository is empowered to set its own criteria for selection of securities and make securities eligible to be maintained in the form of electronic holdings on the holdings of the depository. Agreements should be entered into by the following entities: Depository and every participant Participant and every client Depository, issuer company and the registrar The drafts of these agreements are to be included in the byelaws and to be approved by SEBI. It is important that participants are connected to the depository through a continuous electronic communication system. The same is true for registrars or corporates communicating with the depository. In addition, for enabling settlements of securities, the depository is also to be connected electronically to clearing entities. This imposes the need for automatic data processing systems with necessary security features and forms one of the criteria for selecting securities for dematerialization. The depository required to ensure that sufficient safeguards are there to protect the data available with it and with the participants. To reduce risk in operations, the regulations stipulate that the depository and DPs must provide for, adequate insurance cover as well. Since the depository acts as the source of information for the registrar in terms of providing beneficial ownership details, the depository has to reconcile data internally with the participants to ensure validity of data. The regulations require this reconciliation to be carried out on a daily basis. Further the depositories and the registrar will also reconcile balances on a daily basis and periodic basis. SHOWING THE DEPOSITORY INTERFACE WITH THE INVESTOR AND THEIR BUSINESS PARTNERS NSDL ISSUER RT AGENT CLEARING HOUSE CLEARING MEMBER DEPOSITORY PARTICIPANT STOCK EXCHANGE TRADING MEMBER INVESTOR NSDL is electronically linked to its DPs, the RT department of the issuer co. and the clearing corporation/ clearing house of the stock exchange. This is done in order to facilitate the settlement of trades and to perform a dealing reconciliation of all the accounts balances with NSDL. The entire system is called the NEST (National Electronic Settlement Transfer) system. Thus a higher integrated set up for maintenance of investor accounts has been developed and implemented. Constituents of Depository System Depository Depository Participant Beneficial Owner Issuer Benefits/Advantages of Depository System Benefits of depository system are: To the Nation Growing and more liquid capital markets to provide financing and development stemming from more efficient post trade systems with reduced transactions costs. Increase in competitiveness in the International market place and attracting investors and fund managers by complying with stipulated international standard for and efficient and risk free trading environment. Improved prospects for privatization of public sector units by creating a conducting environment. Restoration of faith in the capital market on the participants with system to minimize settlement risk and frauds. Considerable reduction in the delay in registration which can currently impact trading. To the Investing Public Reduction of risks associated with loss, mutilations, theft and forgery or physical scrips. Elimination of financial loss owing to loss of physical scrips. Greater liquidity from speedier settlements and reduction in delays in registration. Faster receipt benefit and rights resulting from corporate action. Improved production of shareholder rights resulting from more timely communication from the issuers. Reduced transactions costs through greater efficiency. To issuer Upto date knowledge of shareholders names and addresses. Savings in costs of new issuers from reduction in printing and distribution costs. Increase in efficiency of registrars and transfer agent functions Better facilities for communication with shareholders conveying benefits of corporate actions and information notices. Improved ability to attract international investors without having to incur the expenditure of issuance in overseas market. Objectives of the study To know the perception and viewpoint of the investors regarding depository system. To know the satisfaction level of investors regarding depository services. Related Researches Alton (1994) found the principles of converting shares into dematerialized form. He also commented that with a grand start the concept of demat of shares in Indian Market is all pervasive and set to conquer the stock market. George (1996) studied the growth and the dematerialization of products and found that the concept of dematerialization is coming at a very fast pace. Kumar (1998) studied the advantages of dematerialization and opening of Demat account. He also compared the effect on trading of shares of the companies have dematerialized their shares and who have not dematerialized their shares. Mittal (1998) presented an extensive information on dematerialization of shares, their advantages, investor grievances and insurance aspect related to dematerialized shares and found that a very large potential of dematerialization of shares exists in the Indian Market. Cholamandalam (1998) conducted research on requirements to be fulfilled by a company to get its shares listed at a depository so that they can be easily dealt in dematerialized form. Hughes India Limited (1999) conducted a research to study the benefits and drawbacks, which are to be borne in mind by company that is planning to dematerialize its shares and get them registered with NSDL. Law (1999) in his article Depository Revolution has discussed that depository is not just removing fake shares and bad deliveries from the capital market but to prove a great catalyst for reform. The depository is a reality today. The concept of depository is set to revolutionize trading practices, reduce transaction costs and increase investor safety. Kumar (1998) in his Article Demat trading simpler the better has shed light on the different fees structure charged by NSDL from depository participants and by depository participants from the investors. NSDL charges nominal fees under three heads i.e. transaction fees in case of purchases, custody fees and rematerialisation fees. Gajra (1999) in his article Claim your rights has provided us the useful information that the investors get the compensation or the loss due to the depository participants mistake. The investors for protecting their return should give debit instruction to their DPs for sale at least a day or two before settlement day. Then the investor has to look for an instruction carried out properly. If he failed to get it, then he should approach NSDL, for arbitration. DPs are personally liable for their losses. This article was given in regard when SCHIL, one of the largest DPs failed to transmit instructions of its investor-clients to NSDL on time before settlement pay in. Saikia (1999) in his article Compulsory demat within a year has shed light on the views expressed by Ministry of Finance that one year has been set in adopting the full demat route for primary and secondary market shares. Research Methodology The study is based on descriptive research design. The primary data was collected and used for the research purpose. Primary data was collected by survey with the help of a questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered by the personal interview i.e. questions were asked from the respondents in a face-to-face meeting and the study was conducted with the help of pre-structured non-disguised questionnaire. Respondents were interviewed with the help of structured questionnaire. An investor residing and availing Depository Services in Ludhiana was taken as a sample. In the present study, non-probability sampling technique i.e. convenience sampling is used to collect the sample. Here in the study, population consists of all the investors of Ludhiana and a sample of investors have been taken from it. It is a convenience sampling because the respondent investors are chosen from those who happened to visit the office of a particular broker and the brokers themselves. The respondents were interviewed with a structural questionnaire by the researcher. A smaller sample but well selected sample may be superior to a larger but badly selected sample. A total of 100 respondents were selected from the city for the study. Investors ranked various advantages of depository. Rank was determined by computing the weighted average i.e. 4 points were attached to rank first, 3 points to rank second, 2 points to rank third and 1 point to rank fourth. Then for calculating ranks for various advantages, points allotted by investors were added and divided by 100 i.e. sample size. The advantage with the highest weighted average was ranked first and the advantage with the lowest weighted average was ranked fourth i.e. last. Similarly, the investors ranked problems faced by investors in depository system. Weighted average method was used. For rating the satisfaction level regarding depository services and the investors view point regarding depository system, weighted average method as well as factor analysis were used. The points were given as such. For highly satisfied +2, for satisfied +1, for indifferent 0, for dissatisfied -1 and for highly dissatisfied -2. Results of the Study Respondents Profile As per the study, majority respondents were professional i.e. 33% such as C.As, MBAs and C.S., where as 22% were post-graduates and the remaining 45% were graduates. The study found that majority of the investors i.e. 46% belonged to age group 30 or less than 40. 18% of the investors were belonging to age group 20 or less than 30, 26% of the investors were belonging to the age group 40 or less than 50 and 10% of the investors belong to the age group 50 or more. As per the study majority of the respondents i.e. 44% of the investors were found operating in the capital markets for 6 years or more. Whereas 29% of the investors have been operating for 4 years of less than 6 years, 18% have been operating for 2 years or less than 4 years and the remaining 9% have been operating for less than 2 years. As per the study, majority of the respondents had opened their demat accounts in year 2000 and 1999. The Different Sources Of Information From Where The Investors Came To Know About The Depository System. Sources of Information No. Of Investors Percentage Brokers 42 42 Friends 6 6 Newspapers Magazines 36 36 T.V. Programmes 2 2 Others 14 14 Total 100 100 As per the study, majority respondents had brokers, newspapers and magazines as the best source of information regarding depository system. The Depository Participants With Whom The Investors Had Opened Up Their Demat Account Depository Participants No. Of Investors Percentage SHCIL 30 30 Master Capital 22 22 LSE Securities 16 16 Karvy Consultants 18 18 Others 14 14 Total 100 100 The study revealed that Majority participants had opened their accounts with Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited followed by Master Capital, Karvy Consultants, LSE Securities and other depositary participants. The Reasons For Opening Demat Account With Particular DP By The Investor The respondents were asked to tick the various factors being considered for opening demat account with a particular DP. Reasons Percentage Nearness to location 15 Fast transaction 30 Infrastructure Facility 25 Good client dealing 15 Goodwill of the Organization 10 Others 05 Total 100 As per the study, the major factor contributing in selecting the depository was Fast Transaction followed by other factors such as Availability of Proper Infrastructure, Client Dealing, Goodwill of the organization, approachability etc. The Ranking Given By The Investors To Various Advantages Of Depository System Advantages Mean Scores Ranking No scope for any risk of loss, theft or fraud regarding share certificates 1.32 1 Investment is highly liquid 1.96 2 No stamp duty 3.9 4 Bad deliveries are almost eliminated 2.82 3 The study found that majority of the investors were of the view that the depository system would overcome the chances of loss, theft or fraud as a first advantage followed by other such as liquid investments, elimination of bad deliveries and absence of stamp duties. The Ranks Being Given By Investors To Different Problems Of Depository Services. Problems Mean Scores Ranking Not fully aware of the mechanism 3.64 4 Fear of enquiries from Income Tax Department 2.45 3 Increase in transactions costs 2.27 2 Difficulty in maintaining accounts 2.25 1 Increased paper work 4.39 5 As per the study the investors thought maintenance of accounts as a major problem of Depository System and ranked it at first place. The study highlighted the other problems such as increase in the cost of transaction, fear of enquiries from Income Tax Department, not full awareness about the system and increased paper work. Satisfaction Level Of The Investors Regarding Depository Services Attributes Mean Scores Satisfaction Level Dealing of DPs 1.6 Highly Satisfied Fees structure of DPs 0.94 Satisfied Service time of DPs 0.32 Indifferent Infrastructure Facilities of DPs 0.97 Satisfied Dematerialization/Rematerialisation procedure 1.14 Satisfied The study found that the investors were highly satisfied with dealing of Depository participants and satisfied from other services such as fee structure, infrastructure facilties and demateralisation/rematerialisation procedures. However, many of the respondents were found indifferent from service timings of DPs. The Investors View Regarding The Different Factors Of Depository Services Sr. No. Factors Mean Scores View Point 1 More transparency in depository system 2 Strongly Agree 2 Fear of losing physical possession of share certificates -1.36 Disagree 3 More cost involved in opening, maintaining and closing of demat account 1.05 Agree 4 Manipulation done by DPs and Brokers -0.02 Indifferent 5 Burden on small investor has been increased 0.21 Indifferent 6 Cost of Depository System matches with the revenues from it 1.22 Agree 7 Demat process is a lengthy one 1.14 Agree 8 Business for brokers has been increased 1.58 Strongly Agree 9 Need of single Depository 0.02 Indifferent 10 Demat has a bright future